The Columbia Paper reports about a new study released by the Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College. “Drone Sightings and Close Encounters: An Analysis,” studied 921 radio-controlled incidents in the national airspace between December 2013 and September 2015. There were 327 incidents in which drones presented some level of hazard to manned aircraft, and 90 of those involved commercial jets, according to coauthors Dan Gettinger and Arthur Holland Michel. “We are looking to furnish stakeholders and the public with a reliable, data-driven guide to the potential risks posed by drones to manned flight,” Gettinger said. The Center for the Study of the Drone was founded in 2012, to expand the public’s understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with the development and proliferation of unmanned technologies. Read the full story in The Columbia Paper.

Wave Farm Radio Top 100 2015

Ranked from airplay, and a poll of Wave Farm programmers.

100) Bruce Springsteen, "The Ties That Bind: The River Collection" (Columbia)
99) Ryan Adams, "1989" (Pax-Am)
98) M.I.A. "Sirens" single
97) F.K.A. Twigs, "M3LLI55X" (Young Turks)
96) RJD2, "STS Instrumentals" (R J Electrical Connections)
95) Salad Boys, "Scarce Tracks" (Chunklet)
94) Bill Orcutt and Jacob Felix Heule, "Colonial Donuts" (Palilalia)
93) Derek Piotr, "Bahar" (Bit-Phalanx)
92) Wilco, "Star Wars" (dBPM)
91) Co La, "No No" (Mexican Summer)
90) Charlie Hunter and Bobby Previte, "We Two Kings"
89) Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Dvorak "New World/Varese Ameriques
88) Prince, "Baltimore"
87) Miley Cyrus/The Flaming Lips "Dead Petz"
86) Mac McCaughan, "Non-Believers" (Merge)
85) The Chills, "Silver Bullets"
84) Prurient, "Frozen Niagara Falls" (Profound Lore)
83) Bill Fay, "Who is the Sender?"
82) Silent Isle, "Surrounding the Dragon" EP
81) DJ Sotofett & Karolin Tampere, "Nondo" Original Mix (feat. Maimouna Haugen)
80) Bryce Dessner and So Percussion, "Music for Wood and Strings" (Brassland)
79) Herbcraft, "Wot Oz" (Woodsist)
78) Kreng, "The Summoner" (Miasmah)
77) Chris Stapleton, "Traveller" (Mercury)
76) Holly Waxwing, "Peach Winks" EP (Cascine)
75) Torres, "Sprinter" (Partisan)
74) Grimes, "Art Angels" (4AD)
73) Jenny Hval, "Apocalypse, girl" (Sacred Bones)
72) Courtney Barnett, "Sometimes I Just Sit and Think, and Sometimes I Just Sit" (Marathon)
71) Kode9, "Nothing" (Hyperdub)
70) Heikki Koskinen, Mikko Innanen, Teppo Hauta-aho, "Kellari Trio" (Edgetone)
69) Amanez, "Africa" (Now-Again)
68) Sufjan Stevens, "Carrie and Lowell" (Asthamatic Kitty)
67) Run the Jewels, "Meow the Jewels" (Mass Appeal)
66) The Weeknd, "Beauty Behind the Madness" (Universal)
65) Sauna Youth, "Distractions" (Upset the Rhythm)
64) Walter Donnaruma, Michael Bisio, Adam Siegel, "On Track"
63) Valet, "Nature" (Kranky)
62) Colleen, "Captain of None" (Thrill Jockey)
61) Michael Gibbs and NDR Big Band, "In My View" (Cuneiform)
60) Terroir Abstract various, "Drones and Soundscapes" (City Noises)
59) Godspeed You Black Emperor!, "Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress" (Constellation)
58) Liturgy, "The Ark Work" (Thrill Jockey)
57) Prefuse 73, "Every Color of Darkness" (Temporary Residence)
56) Container, "LP" (Spectrum Spools)
55) Boredoms, "Wow 2" (Disk Union)
54) Panda Bear, "Panda Bear Meets the Grim Reaper" (Domino)
53) DJ Earworm, "Drone"
52) Max Richter, "From Sleep" (Deutsche Grammophon)
51) Romare, "Projections" (Ninja Tune)
50) Christian Scott, "Stretch Music"
49) Alabama Shakes, "Sound and Color"
48) Fantasma, "Free Love (Soundway)
47) Matt ''MV'' Valentine, "Midden Mound" (Coney Island Audio)
46) Foodman, "Couldwork" (Orange Milk)
45) Mary Halvorson, "Meltframe" (Firehouse 12)
44) Sun City Girls, "Torch of the Mystic" (Abduction)
43) The Mountain Goats, "Beat the Champ" (Merge)
42) Chris Forsyth and Koen Holtkamp, "The Island" (Trouble in Mind)
41) Olivia Block, "Aberration of Light" (NNA)
40) Meg Baird, "Don't Weigh Down the Light" (Drag City)
39) Pigeons, "The Bower"
38) Sunn O))), "Kannon" (Southern Lord)
37) Bjork, "Vulnicura" (One Little Indian)
36) Belle & Sebastian, "Girls in Peacetime Want to Dance" (Matador)
35) Rabit, "Communion" (Tri Angle)
34) Circuit des Yeux, "In Plain Speech" (Thrill Jockey)
33) Mantana Roberts, "Coin Coin Chapter Three: River Run Thee" (Constellation)
32) PBK and Jim O'Rourke, "Unidentified Again" (Pica Disk)
31) Oliver Lake and William Parker, "To Roy" (Intakt)
30) Wire, "Wire" (Pinkflag)
29) Destroyer, "Poison Season" (Merge)
28) Dan Friel, "Life" (Thrill Jockey)
27) Six Organs of Admittance, "Hexadic" (Drag City)
26) Wolf Eyes, "I Am A Problem: Mind In Pieces" (Third Man)
25) Stanley Cowell, "Juneteenth" (Vision Fugitive)
24) Erykah Badu, "But You Caint Use My Phone (Mixtape)" (Motown)
23) The Deep, "Psychedelic Moods" (TTW)
22) MV & EE, "Alpine Frequency" (Feeding Tube Records)
21) Jiln, "Dark Energy" (Planet Mu)
20) Yo La Tengo, "Stuff Like That There" (Matador)
19) Pan Sonic and Charlemagne Palestine, "Mort Aux Vaches" (Staalplaat)
18) Joshua Abrams, "Magnetoception" (Eremite)
17) Elvis Perkins, "I Aubade" (Mir Image Reproduction)
16) Universal Indians and Joe McPhee, "Skullduggery" (Clean Feed)
15) Lightning Bolt, "Fantasy Empire" (Thrill Jockey)
14) Rachel Grimes, "The Clearing" (Temporary Residence)
13) Four Tet, "Morning/Evening" (Text)
12) Flying Saucer Attack, "Instrumentals 2015" (Domino)
11) Jim O'Rourke, "Simple Songs" (Drag City)
10) Kendrick Lamar, "To Pimp a Butterfly" (Interscope)
9) Holly Herndon, "Platform" (4AD)
8) Mbongwana Star, "From Kinshasa" (Nonesuch)
7) U.S. Girls, "Half-Free" (4AD)
6) Zs, "XE" (Northern Spy)
5) Noveller, "Glacial Glow" (Fire)
4) Kamasi Washington, "The Epic" (Brainfeeder)
3) Oneohtrix Point Never, "The Garden of Delete" (Warp)
2) Matthew Shipp, "The Conduct of Jazz" (Thirsty Ear)
1) William Basinski, "Cascade" (Musex)

WGXC Programmer Top 10 Lists for 2015

LunarMoss
1) Charlemagne Palestine - Bells Studies
2) Matt Valentine - Midden Mound
3) David Borden - Music for Amplified Keyboard Instruments
4) Alex Calder - Strange Dreams
5) Robert Aiki Aubrey Lowe & Ariel Kalma - We Know Each Other Somehow
6) Jessica Pratt - On Your Own Love Again
7) Phil Collins - My Heart's In My Hand, and My Hand Is Pierced, and My Hand's In The Bag, and The Bag Is Shut, and My Heart Is Caught (15)
8) Jack Name - Weird Moons (5)
9) Disappears - Irreal
10) Valet - Nature

The Magic Stranger, "Puff!" Thursdays, 9:30-mid
1) The Electronic Hole - ST (LP on Radich) /30 Pts.
2) The Beat of the Earth - This Record is an Artistic Statement (LP on Radich) /20 Pts
3) U.S. Girls - 'Half Free' (LP on 4AD) /5 Pts.
4) The Deep - 'Psychedelic Moods' (3xLP on Lion) / 10 Pts.
5) Search Party - 'Montgomery Chapel' (LP on Lion)/ 5 Pts.
6) Big Star - 'Jesus Christ' (10" ep on Omnivore) /5 Pts.
7) The Sonics - '50' (3xLP Box with Bonus! on LITA) /5Pts.
8) Alan Vega, Alex Chilton, Ben Vaughn - Cubist Blues (2xLP on LITA) / 5 Pts.
9) Alan Watts - This is IT (LP on Numero Group) /5 Pts.
10) Alex Chilton - Live at Ocean Club (2xLP on Norton) /10 Pts.

Shelley Weiner, "Wall to Wall" Fridays, 11 a.m.-noon
Kacey Musgraves, “Pageant Material” 30 pts.
Iris DeMent “The Trackless Woods" 30 pts.
Bryan Hymel, “Heroique” 10 pts.
Diana Damrau, "Fiamma del belcanto" 10 pts.
Isabel Leonard, “Preludios”, 10 pts.
“Holiday Harmonies: Songs of Christmas” 10 pts.

Chris Bishop - Vinyl Rundown
1) Last of the Garage Punk Unknowns Vols. 3 & 4 (Crypt Records) 15 pts
2) Don’t Think I’ve Forgotten – Cambodia’s Lost Rock and Roll (Dust-to-Digital) 15 pts
3) The Contents Are - "Through You" + 7"s (Machu Picchu) 10 pts
4) Long Time Comin' - Lost Sounds from the Treasure State (Lost Sounds Montana) 10 pts.
5) Ho-Dad Hootenany Vol. 2 (Crypt Records) 10 pts.
6) The Squires - "Going All the Way with the Squires" (Crypt Records) 10 pts.
7) Deep "Psychedelic Moods of the Deep" (Lion Productions) 10 pts.
8) Amanaz - "Africa" (Now-Again) 10 pts.
9) The Search Party - "Montgomery Chapel" (Lion Productions) 10 pts.

The Communications Law Blog reports about the deadlines for commercial AM radio stations to file for an FM translator, putting their signal on both formats. This is the main part of the Federal Communications Commission's plan to save AM radio, by putting it on FM radio. AM licensees can acquire and relocate translator stations up to 250 miles away from their current studio. The first modification window is for licensees or permittees of Class C or D AM stations, and is from January 29 to July 28, 2016. Then any AM station is eligible in the second window, July 29 to October 31, 2016. More information about the FCC's AM plan is at https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/am-revitalization

David Oxenford in the Broadcast Law Blog reports that the Copyright Royalty Board announced Dec. 16 that the royalty rates for anyone to play sound recordings on the internet for public listening fell by a third, the first lowering of fees ever. Commercial webcasters -- and that includes radio stations simulcasting their FM signals -- will pay $.0017 as the per performance (i.e. the rate paid per song, per listener) starting Jan. 1. David Oxenford explained about the royalty rates in an interview Dec. 22 with Triton Digital.

The latest debate among candidates for the Democratic nomination for president was held the Saturday night before Christmas, and so, virtually no one saw or heard much beside the headlines that Hillary Clinton was calling for a "Manhattan Project" among tech giants about encryption, to prevent terrorists from sending secret messages over the internet. While that was the headline, the more telling line may have been, "I don't really know enough about the technology," as it seems like she realizes that, while she wants to demagogue as a candidate, smart voters know that encryption is what keeps your online credit card purchases safe. Clearly, listening to her statement, the woman who may be the next president does not have the magical answer to resolve the debate between privacy and public safety, but hopes that someone in Silicon Valley does.

President Obama signed the 2,000-page omnibus budget bill last week that the Republican-led Congress passed and there is good and bad in it for everyone. Moreover, the bill shows how behind-the-scenes action in Washington D.C. gets done, and how lobbyists can be effective in such a gamed system. Privacy advocates spent the years since 2001 trying to win back freedoms the Patriot Act and other expansions of the surveillance state took away. All that work went up in smoke in a back room in Congress last week. The leaders of the House and Senate bargained behind the scenes, picking and choosing the parts of bills that had passed each legislative body, and crafting them into a gigantic Frankenstein bill, with the help of lobbyists, that the President had to sign or the government shuts down. So those legislative leaders rewrote the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act, turning a bill that was returning rights to citizens, into legislation that allows the state to peek a little more into your cell phone. Depending on your point-of-view, that's either good news or bad news. It is probably the opposite news that attempts to undercut the Federal Communications Commission's Open Internet Order, or net neutrality, were left out of this spending bill. The courts, though, still have plenty of opportunity to gut that measure to level the internet playing field.

The Los Angeles Times reported Dec. 17 that the Air Force is now taking enlisted personnel as drone pilots for the first time, because they need so many soldiers to fly the drones. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, or ISR, is the military's growing sector. "If you talk to combatant commanders around the world, which I do regularly, and ask them, 'What is the one more thing you need from the Air Force?,' they will always reply, 'I want more ISR,'" said Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James. Enlisted personnel are only handling surveillance so far, not firing missile and killing targets from remote control. Officers, for now, will be the only ones operating MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper drones. "In fiscal year 2014, the most recent data available, the Air Force trained 180 drone pilots, and 240 veterans left the field," The Los Angeles Times reported.

Click here to play or download an audio version of this report.

Satellite radio disc jockey Howard Stern will not return to earth, as he signed a new five-year deal Dec. 15 for an estimated $90 million per year according to several reports. Before leaving syndicated terrestrial airwaves in 2004, Stern had an estimated 30 million listeners; today SiriusXM, his satellite home, has 29 million potential listeners. Listen to an excerpt of "The Howard Stern Show" from Dec. 16, announcing that he will continue on SiriusXM.

John Anderson at DIYmedia.net has long tracked pirate radio activities in the United States and writes that enforcement efforts from the Federal Communications Commission are at their lowest levels since 2004. But those enforcement actions may be at their highest level of political gamesmanship ever. Most of the FCC's enforcement actions in 2015 -- 76 percent -- were in New York or New Jersey, most around New York City. Earlier this year, plans to cut back the enforcement bureau at the FCC were met by a letter signed by New York and New Jersey Congresspeople with ties to the National Association of Broadcasters, demanding the commission do something about the pirate radio menace. So the FCC reacted: 111 enforcement actions in just ten states in 2015. Republican FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai, who parrots the NAB stance on pirates, quoted from a leaked 2014 email from an FCC field director saying, “We are scaling back on our response to pirate operations. Barring interference to a safety service, pirates should NOT be given a high priority (If there’s interference to a safety serivce, it’s not a ‘pirate case’ but instead a ‘safety case.'” Anderson, though, puts this all in its proper perspective: "Everybody involved in this little corner of the media policy world is a paper tiger: the enforcement organization and agents themselves, the industry lobbyists who are trying to blow the notion of pirate radio out of all proportion to reality, and the Commissioners who’ve picked up the industry’s crusade for the purposes of making some political hay. None have suggested a meaningful or constructive path away from the status quo — which is all the better for the pirates, who will continue to flourish in spectrum-crevices long considered unserviceable by their licensed bretheren."

FULL DISCLOSURE: John Anderson is on Wave Farm's board.

The Federal Aviation Administration announced new rules Dec. 14, requiring owners of remote-controlled recreational aircraft to register the machines in a national database. With radio-controlled drones predicted to be one of the most popular holiday gifts this year, and an increasing number of the aircraft interfering with the work of aviation, fire, and police officials, the registration process is meant for authorities to be able to track down owners of any flying machines that break the rules. Drone owners will have to fill out an online form with their names, home addresses, and email addresses to the F.A.A., and then affix a registration number to their drone. “Unmanned aircraft enthusiasts are aviators, and with that title comes a great deal of responsibility,” Anthony Foxx, the secretary of the Transportation Department, said in a conference call with reporters Dec. 14. “Registration gives us an opportunity to work with these users to operate their unmanned aircraft safely.” Only American citizens can register a drone at faa.gov/uas/registration/, beginning Dec. 21. Registration will be free for the first 30 days, then cost $5. The rules are for new drones, which must be registered before flight, and previously purchased aircraft, with registration required by Feb. 19, 2016.

France won't be shutting down public Wi-Fi networks or banning Tor, not even during a state of emergency, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls said last week. He had to make the statement because the French newspaper Le Monde reported the week before that the government was considering such measures. "Internet is a freedom, is an extraordinary means of communication between people, it is a benefit to the economy," Valls said. "It is also a means for terrorists to communicate and spread their totalitarian ideology. The police must take in all of these aspects to improve their fight against terrorism, but the measures we take must be effective." In the United States, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump has suggested he may want to shut down the internet to battle terrorism, and most other candidates have wished for more surveillance on citizens in the wake of terrorist attacks in Paris, Colorado Springs, and San Bernadino.

Paul Riismandel in Radio Survivor reports that Art Bell's latest radio return seems short-lived, and ended in conspiracy. Bell wrote a Dec. 11 blog post saying he is, “going to hang it up,” saying a “crazy person” has threatened Bell and his family. During a live broadcast of his "Midnight in the Desert" radio show Oct. 21, shots were fired near his home studio in Pahrump, Nevada. “As you all know I dearly love what I do,” he writes, “but not at the expense of never ending Terrorism (sic).” Bell used to host "Coast to Coast AM" on FM radio, then "Dark Matter" on Sirius XM Radio, and returned with another conspiracy theory-based show, this time online, with "Midnight in the Desert," beginning in July of 2015. Soon, 55 broadcast affiliates, including two shortwave stations, were transmitting the call-in show. Now, though, the show's online syndicator is offering refunds to subscribers.

U.S. FBI Director James B. Comey testified at the "Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation" Senate Judiciary Committee hearing December 9, and he said American tech companies are working hand-in-hand with authorities on the war on planning terrorism on the internet. Comey said he had no problems with tech companies not being helpful about sharing terrorist wireless communications. But he questioned the business model of some companies, saying he wishes they would reconsider. Since many companies creating apps and software the U.S. government might not like are overseas, Comey's request seems odd and ineffectual. Listen to his statement to the committee here.

All the work privacy advocates have done since September 11 may be erased with the bullets in San Bernadino recently. Politicians are using that as an excuse to expand surveillance and restrict privacy. The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act is a perfect example of what is currently going on in the halls of Congress. The bill began as an effort to roll back the excesses of surveillance, and, now, is being turned into an all-access pass for federal authorities to snoop. The Senate and the House both recently passed versions of the bill that were not raising objections with privacy advocates. House Intelligence Committee members have been working out the differences secretly lately, and are gutting the surveillance restrictions, and opening backdoors for snoops and hackers. “We’ve just learned that the Intelligence Committees are trying to pull a fast one,” Nathan White, senior legislative manager at digital rights advocate Access, wrote in a recent email. “They’ve been negotiating in secret and came up with a Frankenstein bill — that has some of the worst parts from both the House and the Senate versions.” Sources tell The Hill newspaper that House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) and other congressional leaders are behind many of the new surveillance sections of CISA.

After the recent terrorist attacks in Paris, Colorado, and California, U.S. lawmakers are calling for much more surveillance and much less privacy. This moment in Washington D.C. seems a lot like late September 2001, when President George Bush could get any spying power he wanted from Congress. All of the sudden, there is a rush to surveil in D.C. these days. Mitch McConnell, the Republican Senate Majority Leader, said he'll give any spying power President Obama wants. "He should tell us what legal authorities he needs to defeat encrypted online communications, and what is needed to reestablish our capture, interrogation, and surveillance capabilities," McConnell said. "I will urge high-tech and law enforcement leaders to make it harder for terrorists to use technology to escape from justice," President Barack Obama said in his address to the nation Dec. 6. But change won't just come from the top. Sens. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.) and Angus King (I-Maine) on Dec. 3 introduced a bill requiring telephone companies to notify the government if they plan on altering their policies for storing consumers’ phone data. On Dec. 8, the House Foreign Affairs Committee debates legislation called the "Combat Terrorist Use of Social Media Act." The bill requires the White House to create a, "policy that enhances the exchange of information and dialogue between the Federal Government and social media companies as it relates to the use of social media platforms by terrorists" and, "a comprehensive strategy to counter terrorists' and terrorist organizations' use of social media." Of course, in France, the possible legislation is even worse for civil rights. The Le Monde newspaper found leaked documents that show France's Ministry of Interior considering proposals to ban free and shared Wi-Fi during a state of emergency, and to block the online privacy Tor network inside France. The latter idea would be nearly impossible, though French authorities certainly could make it difficult for non-computer experts.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit heard oral arguments in the latest Net Neutrality December 4, and attorneys with the Federal Communications Commission are saying they are optimistic the rules will be upheld this time. “The argument started off in a way that we took to be quite hopeful,” said attorney Kevin Russell, who is representing consumer advocacy groups and other interveners who support the FCC’s rules. Indeed, opposing attorneys, in their first statement, seem to agree that consumers access the internet over radio waves, where the FCC has jurisdiction to enforce rules.

Click here to listen to audio of the beginning of oral arguments.

The court is not expected to rule on the case for months, and may hinge on whether Internet providers are delivering “telecommunications services,” or the more lightly regulated “information services.” Appeals Court Judge David Tatel previously wrote the appeals court decision in January 2014 that threw out the FCC’s previous net neutrality rules.

On Nov. 28, the United States National Security Agency stopped the bulk collection of the metadata from Americans' phone calls. That came after a debate weighing Americans' privacy rights with the need to protect Americans from domestic right-wing terrorists with assault rifles or religion-fueled terrorists with improvised explosive devices. Now, though, after high-profile gunfights on Paris and California, almost everyone running for president is ready for less privacy, and more spying on Americans, though much of what they said was incorrect or misleading. Democrat Hilary Clinton implied this week she wanted more surveillance, though she just lists what the government is already doing. “We’re going to need help from Facebook, and from YouTube, and from Twitter.... They’re going to have to help us take down these announcements and these appeals as quickly as they get up.” Facebook took down a pro-jihad screed by one of the California attackers, Tashfeen Malik, disabling the account. “We have to start looking at families now,” Republican Donald Trump said this week, and previously he has advocated for surveillance of some mosques. Republican John Kasich said the California suspects had used encryption technology, though no evidence of that has surfaced in the media. The Guardian reported that, Republican "Marco Rubio, the Florida senator also running for president, said restrictions on dragnet collection of metadata was the problem, blaming Barack Obama for signing legislation last summer, the Freedom Act, that forced the government to rely on phone companies to keep data on customers." Clinton and Kasich both called for companies to open back-doors on encryption apps -- backdoors that critics say would allow hackers, or even terrorists, a way in to "secure" websites. Bernie Sanders, a Democrat, wants tougher screening policies. "We have got to do everything that we can to protect the American people.... and that means much tougher screening polices than we have right now. ... I think clearly Paris was an intelligence failure and we need to be tapping the intelligence information that is being ascertained from countries all over the world.”

Click here to listen to or download an audio version of this report. Nia Hamm from Public News Service reports that cell phones – considered a distraction for many students – are the main tool of a free state-run English learning program for immigrants in New York. Participants simply call a phone number to listen to a lesson, which they review by answering questions though text messages. The initiative is a partnership between the mobile education venture Cell-Ed and the Office for New Americans. Jorge Montalvo, deputy Secretary of State for Economic Opportunity, says the program fills a need for immigrants, who are often prevented from learning English because of transportation, work or financial issues. "There are places in the state where there are transportation issues for people to get to an English class,” he explains. “There are also places where there are a lack of English classes or quite frankly everyone learns differently so there may not be kind of the right manner by which the person is taught, that fits for them.” So far, about 300 people have signed up to participate in the pilot since its launch back in April. This is the first state-funded program of its kind in the nation. Montalvo says the program also highlights the obvious but vital economic necessity for newcomers and immigrants to learn English by taking a more innovative approach to English learning. "If you can improve your economic livelihood with stronger capabilities to speak English and to read and write English, you're able to get a better job,” he stresses. “You can be better utilized in the work force by employers.” Developers of the program say it takes about 25 hours to finish a level of classes. New York is providing the first two levels of classes as well as a citizenship class.

Bryan Clark and Mark Gunzinger from the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments released their paper "Winning The Airwaves: Sustaining America’s Advantage In The Electronic Spectrum" Dec. 1, warning that America's military frontier will move from radio-controlled drones to jamming radio signals. The paper says the U.S. and Russia are both concerned with blocking radio signals, with future drones used to launch jamming or hacking attacks. As enemies get their own radio-controlled devices, the U.S. will need to use radio technologies to disable those enemy drones. “The U.S. military could shift toward using unmanned vehicles or expendable payloads that emit low-power jamming noise in the [radio frequency] spectrum … or dazzling [electro-optical / infrared sensors] or narrowly focused radar beams to establish accurate targeting information for attacks,” the authors write. Drones will also be used as decoys to draw enemy fire and discover enemy positions, and cruise missiles will launch hacks and bomb radio signals with static. Light Detection and Ranging lasers, or LIDAR, will become a more sophisticated version of radar, detecting where radio signals come from. So television and radio transmitters will become targets in Clark's and Gunzinger's predicted future.